Heat reaching the skin either by direct exposure or through one or more layers of clothing will, if sufficiently intense, cause temporary (first degree) or irreversible (second or third degree) burns, depending on the type of thermal hazard, rate of heat transfer at the skin surface, and the duration of the exposure. Therefore, the need for thermal protective clothing has been identified for individuals working in thermal environments who are confronted with a multitude of thermal hazards. These hazards can result from close proximity to sources of heat energy. Conversely, heat, flame, molten substances, liquid splashes, and steam causing burn injuries, from household to industrial scales, add to the complexity of the nature and characteristics of thermal hazards. A relatively unexplored hazard that has generated interest in the safety clothing industry is from hot liquid hazard. Hot liquid hazard presents a considerably threatening environment to the workers’safety that requires protective clothing that is very different from that required for convective and radiant heat exposure. In earlier studies, most of the research has been done on the thermal performance of textiles under convective and radiant heat exposure, researchers have identified considerable findings about the fiber, yarn, and fabric characteristics that affect the thermal performance of the protective clothing. Shalev and Barker and Lee and Barker exposed single-layer fabrics using the thermal protective performance (TPP) tester under high heat exposure and for different exposure times until obtaining a second-degree burn. In their study, they found that changes in heat exposure intensity and fabric property impact on the thermal performance of the fabrics. By employing the radiant protective performance test, according to the NFPA standard 1977, Sun et al. (2000) discovered that thermal resistance relates to the physical and chemical properties of fabrics. Barker et al. (2006) realized that the air permeability of a fabric plays a primary role in TPP during low radiant heat exposures.

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